Non-Continuity editing was a style that was made popular during the 1950's and 60's. Directors may choose to use non-continuity editing just to be out of the ordinary and unique compared to sticking to the traditional techniques. They may also want to have a different effect on their audience.
A Bout de Souffle - Jean-Luc Godard - Jump cut
Godard invented a new style of of editing techniques and called it the 'French New Wave'. This technique used a carefree editing style which didn't conform to the traditional editing of Hollywood films; it had it's own ora. The French New Wave editing drew attention to itself because of its lack of continuity and its self-reflexive nature. In order to keep the audience surprised and intrigued they used material not related to any narrative. The gap in action is emphasised by the use of a jump cut. Jump cuts are used to startle the viewer and draw attention to a certain subject.
The Shining - Stanley Kubrick - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule
Kubrick ignored the 180 degree rule in this scene, as do a lot of modern film makers because they want to create a startling effect. Breaking the 180 degree rule consists of switching camera angles which would show the characters to switch position. I.E one character may be on the left hand side then after the angle switch they appear to be on the right.
The Hunger Games - Gary Ross - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule
In this movie Ross deliberately broke the 180 degree rule to show different perspectives of the entire set/room. However, in this case because it was deliberate it's not a fault in the directors actions. This allowed the audience to have a full perspective of the set. It also looks extremely real because audiences are used to there being half a set and in this scene they have acquired a 360 degree set.
This short video is based on a detention with an impatient teacher and disrespectful students who then get into a fight. We then embedded the continuity rule into our storyboard.
This sequences includes the following:
Match On Action
This is shown when the teacher walks out of the door to get the head teacher to discipline the students properly. We carried this out well as a group and also in the way i edited it to look as if the action was continued rather than it being two shots.
Eye-line Match
This technique is shown when the teacher asks the students why they were so late for their detention. One shot is just the teacher by herself and the other shot is of the students. This is an eye-line match because it shows both the teachers perspective and the students. We carried this out very well.
Shot, Reverse Shot
This technique was demonstrated when the two students were arguing. We, as a group decided to do the over shoulder shot reverse shot because we believed it would be more effective; we were right. We went from one students shoulder to show his perspective and then to the other student to show his perspective and although they were in different shots, it looked as though it was happening instantly which is what the aim was.
180 Degree Rule
We showed this technique when the two students were fighting and we had both students in the shot at once and they both stayed on either the left or the right they never switched sides. This was a good example of the 180 degree rule and i believe we carried out it well.
Point Of View
This technique was demonstrated when the student that got the paper thrown at him brought his head up from the table and looked at the piece of paper. This was our best attempt out of all of the continuity rules that we came across.
Continuity editing is where you film a shot that helps maintain a sense of realistic chronology and creates a feeling that time is moving forward. You would expect to see this type of editing in movies; mainly action, however it is spread across all genres of movies, TV programmes, possibly adverts. Although continuity editing is seen as time moving forward that doesn't mean to say that you can't include flash backs or flash forward, as long as the scene will retain the realistic element.
Continuity editing techniques
Match on Action - the match on action technique links two shots together. i.e we would see a character start in one shot and then in another shot within a different angle we would see the character finishing the same action they started in the first one. Film makers would use them because it ensures that the action portrays a natural movement although it had been performed twice. If the film maker didn't use them the action won't look realistic and would lack continuity. This is shown in the images below. You would see this technique in almost any movie/television show. If you we're focusing strictly on the UK, you can see it in soap operas like Eastenders a lot. Directors use it because they save money on the facilities because they all have ready-made sets for the actors so the match on action makes it look as if the characters are actually going in and out of the real world when in reality they're moving from one set to a different set.
Eye-line Match - this technique links two shots together which allows the audience to experience an event in the characters perspective, i.e we see a character looking at something/someone off screen and then we get a shot of what they would be looking at. A film maker may use them to give the audience the realist perspective of the film, the make the audience feel as if they are a part of the characters life. If a film maker failed to use this technique this would lead to the movie lacking continuity and it wouldn't give the audience the most natural experience that they could have. You will see this technique mostly in movies, any genre but the editors use it to concentrate on both the object that the character is looking at and the expression on the characters face.
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Shot, Reverse Shot - this technique, much like the 2 prior also links two shots together. The first shot would reveal one of the characters and then in the second shot reveals the second character which allows the audience to use their own initiative to acknowledge that both characters are interacting with one another. Film makers use this technique to help maintain a sense of realism because in real life situations, when you are having a conversation with someone it does switch from one person to the other one and if the film maker failed to use this technique it would also lack continuity. This technique is featured in any conversation on TV, let that be in a soap opera, an advert, a movie. Anything with two characters, using paralinguistic or not. Editors use it because they like to concentrate on both characters facial expressions while they're communicating to then interpret the other characters reaction.
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The 180 Degree Rule - this technique is more of a guideline rather than a technique, it states that two characters or other elements within the same shot should maintain the same left/right relationship to each other and if the camera passes the 180 degree line the two subjects will cross the line and switch positions. A film maker would this technique to prevent confusion from the audience, because if one character moved position in one shot the audience may think that the film maker wasn't aware of what he was doing, thus leading to possible negative reviews due to non-professionalism. That would also be what would go wrong if the film maker did not use this guideline. The 180 degree rule is usually found in movies because so the character don't seem as if they're on opposite sides, otherwise it can confuse the audience. Live TV show's are also an example for instance, 'i'm a celebrity..' Ant is always on the left and Dec is always on the right; also not to confuse the audience.
Shivam, Samuel, Timi, Danielo and I made our own montage, no longer than a minute. We created a french montage. We were intending on the storyline being a team that has been coached to perfection and embarrasses the other teach players by making them fall over then winning the competition at the end. Our montage makes meaning because you can see the determination in Samuel's eyes right before he's about to throw the ball in the basket. You see a lot of emotions in such a short time. Them emotions are: determination; as previously mentioned, happiness; from Timi as he passes the ball to his teammate, scared; from Timi's face when he falls over, excitement; when the team wins the league and proud; when I am clapping my hands to encourage my team.
I think, as a first attempt of a French montage, it was successful because a French montage is simply editing the clips. However, that not me saying that we couldn't improve. I think our storyline was well thought out but i think we could have filmed it and acted it out better than what we did. We shall remember this for future reference.
Within the editing industry there are many techniques that may be used, including a montage. A montage is like I said one of many techniques used that is demonstrated by selecting, editing and piecing together separate clips that join together to make a whole. The shots are juxtaposed in a fast-pace fashion that portrays a compressed version of events which conveys a lot of footage/information in a short period of time.
The French Montage - within the French film industry; due to "montage" being a French word, its literal meaning is assembly, therefore within French film the term identifies the process of editing quite simply.
Hollywood Style Montage - within Hollywood cinema the montage technique is used to condense a long sequence into a short one. An example of this would be the legendary Rocky training montage. Hollywood film makers may choose to include a montage for the sole reason of saving time and being able to portray many events in short period.
Soviet Montage - within the Soviet cinema a montage is often used to reveal a hidden meaning of a shot. Soviet film makers used juxtaposing shots to create a new meaning that didn't exist within any of the shots alone.
This idea came from a young soviet film maker called Lev Kuleshov that did an experiment in 1920 when he took a head shot and was able to portray the image for various meanings. Shown in the image below:
Another example of a Soviet montage would be 'Modern Times' and 'Strike'
'Modern Times' is an example of Soviet cinema. As we know, sheep follow each other and that is the clip. That clip is then juxtaposed with humans all moving within one direction with gives off the impression that humans are like sheep because they just follow each other.
'Strike' is a movie that was made by Sergei Eisenstein which show two unrelated scenes. One being a butcher working in a slaughter house and the other one with striking workers being pursued by Russian troops. This is an example of soviet cinema because both of the shots juxtapose each other to create a hidden meaning. That meaning being that the troops are linked somehow to the slaughter house because they're all running out to their death.
Analogue editing is the editing method of cutting and sticking together pieces of celluloid. Also known as 'splicing'. Films were initially made up of images printed on acetate negatives which were then 'spliced' which lead to the formation of the movie. The celluloid film is then fed projector at a constant speed of 24 frames per second which shows the pictures moving on the screen. This is shown in the movie 'Exiting The Factory' (1895) Pro's of this style of editing is that it is almost impossible for copyright to take place because you have the film physically in front of you therefore no one will get it unless you hand it over to them, also a lot of directors prefer the traditional method due to preciseness of the editing. However the limitations of this style would be that the celluloid is very expensive per piece and in order to make an entire film using celluloid you will end up wasting a lot of money. It is also very time consuming and you can't check your work to see if it looks good unless you can get a hold of a moviola.
The first ever movie - 1985 'Exiting The Factory':
This is the first Moviola; It was invented in 1924 by a man called Iwan Serrurier. It was the first piece of technology that allowed the film editor to view the film whilst editing. Also, it was the first device used for feature length movie editing.
Video Editing
Before digital technologies became available magnetic tapes were used to store information and these were called video tapes; this was before digital technology became available to use. Video editing is the process of editing segments of the tapes that you have recorded and using a mechanical device to join them together. However, in order to use video editing the film had to be recorded in the correct order. This is called linear editing.
Digital Editing
Digital editing is made from digital media which is a form of media where data has been stored digitally; not like analogue. Digital film is made of I's and O's (bits and bytes). This is where the images are recorded, transmitted and replayed instead of using chemicals on the film and damaging the merchandise; the director would film their footage, put it onto a computer, to onto editing software such as 'Final Cut Pro', 'Avid' and 'Premiere Pro' and then you would create your masterpiece. The whole process of digital editing includes no splicing which is why it soon took over the directing industry because it is easier, quicker and cheaper. Another advantage of digital editing is that it you can edit in any order; unlike video and analogue. However, due to advanced technology within the world at the moment, it is very easy for copyright to take place and although it is cheap because you don't have to buy the celluloid, there is mass storage that would be needed in order to hold the capacity of the entire movie. Therefore, it may not be as cheap as you anticipated.
Non-Linear Editing
Editing in any order is known as 'Non-Linear Editing' i.e you can edit the end scene before you've even filmed the first one. This process uses electronic files so it is as if you are copying and pasting your editing.
Linear Editing
Is obviously the opposite to 'non-linear editing' this is when you edit a sequence due to the order you filmed it in.
Pros
Cons
Traditional Editing
(splicing & video editing)
·Almost impossible to copyright
·Improves filming skills
·No editing software needed
·Instant response
·Expensive
·Time consuming
·Cant check your progress
·Directors prefer traditional methods
Digital Editing
·Easy to use
·Cheaper
·Quick
·No splicing
·Easy to copyright
·Not as cheap as you would think due to mass
storage
in-camera editing is a technique of video production, in which the camera operator videos the shots in the exact order that they are to be viewed in. It was a technique used a great deal in the early discovery of film making before 'splicing' became easier. We have George Meleis to thank for our knowledge of in-camera editing because he was the first person to use it in 1896 on the film 'The Vanishing Lady'. Funny enough he discovered it by accident. The film is edited by simply switching the camera on and off.
My first attempt of in-camera editing was within a group of 4 girls; myself, Allegria, Jasmine and Diana. This is what we managed to produce:
The storyboard of this in-camera editing attempt was a girl being 15 minutes late to her detention due to her missing homework piece. Her teacher then grows angry with her but allows her to do her detention on the day.
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Evaluation of film
i think as a group we all worked well together and that helped our film. what we did well was capture each scene like it was really happening, there aren't any over laps. However, i know we could improve on the acting and the camera production. Next time we make a video we will ensure the timing is correct for the actresses and we will also ensure the camera is straight and moving at the right time as well.
Pro's of in-camera editing
quick to do.
fast
no editing software needed
instant response
improves filming technique
Con's of in-camera editing
if you make an error you have to redo the entire scene.
takes immense amount of planning
no cutting out
no editing
The advantage for in-camera editing is that its quick to do, however the disadvantage is that you have to be precise on your filming because if you make one error, you have to redo the entire film.
Behind the Scenes photographs:
During our first filming session, we took shots from 3 different angles. We made sure that we got each shot in the right timing. Once we did that we proceeded to the next shot and then carried on making our short film.
Early films were filmed on a crank camera and were filmed at 24 frames per second. In the beginning of the filming industry directors usually produced their films within one location and used one angle. Due to the new technology people were easily amused by the simple motion of the actors.
120 years ago editing wasn't as complex as it is in the 21st century. They didn't have the privilege of editing software such as 'Adobe After Effects' and computers and because of the discovery of simple editing, this lead to further developments of filming.
Thomas Edison
Edison was one of the first film makers and he ran a film laboratory where the kinetographic camera and kinetoscope were invented. He also developed the 35mm film strip that came to be the industry standard and later on developed the projector to play it.
Kinetoscope Kinetographic Camera
The Lumiere Brothers
The lumiere brothers worked with Edison to produce short films that were one long, static, locked-down shot. Motion movement in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse the audience as this was the first time humans has ever encountered such an act that was out of their daily routine. Motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse the audiences that watched the movies. The first films simply showed activity such as traffic moving on a city street.This can be seen in the film 'Sortie D'usine' in 1895.
George Melies
Melies was a magician that has witnessed the works of the lumiere brothers and he found that there were more possibilities of a novelty more than what was known to man at the time (motion). Melies built himself a studio for him to use, wrote scripts and acquired a camera and which he then exploited the basic camera tricks that we still use in this present time. Rumour has it that he discovered the art of stop motion by accident when his camera had a faulty time shortage, no more than a second. Using a technique known as in-camera editing he made a movie called 'The Vanishing Lady' in 1896. Sadly, although he made remarkable history due to the commercial growth within the industry forced him out of business in 1913 where he later died in poverty.
Elements of his life's discovery were used later in the 2011 cinema 'Hugo'.
George Melies 'The Impossible Voyage' was made in 1904. This was one of the first films in colour which was able by the process of hand painting each twenty four frames per second. The film's runtime was 20 minutes and it made a break through because the audience of the 19th century were amazed to see a movie developed from black and white to colour.
G.A Smith
Before the entire in-camera editing discovery was made, directors initially ran the camera as long as their was film in the camera, there weren't any editing techniques in these days or story lines. This is what G.A Smith showed in the films 'The Miller and The Sweep'.
Later in 1899 Smith made 'The Kiss in the Tunnel' this film was said to mark the beginnings of narrative editing. Smith wanted to add "some extra spice" to the then popular 'phantom genre' so to Smiths advantage he took his opportunity of the brief onset of darkness as they went into the tunnel to splice (cut and stick two pieces of film together) in the shot of the couple.
Porter & Edison
Edwin S. Porter prior to him joining the film laboratory of Thomas Alva Edison in the late 1890's was an electrician. He and Edison worked together to make longer and more interesting films.
Edwin S. Porter
Porter made the blockbuster film 'Life Of an American Fireman' in 1903. This was one of the first films that had an action plot and it also had a close of a hand pulling a fire alarm. Porter's 'Life Of an American Fireman' moved the art of film making forward because it used builds a continuous narrative over 7 scenes rendered in a total of 9 shots. Up until the 20th century, this is still used.
Porter discovered important aspects of motion picture language. Them being: you don't need to show a persons full profile from head-to-toe and that splicing together two shots creates in the viewers mind a contextual relationship. These discoveries made all narrative motion pictures and television possible.
Porter then went on to make the ground breaking film 'The Great Train Robbery' in 1903 which is an excellent example of how early films began to resemble the types of films we see today. This film moved film making forward because it was the first coherent film ever made.
Charles Pathe
Pathe made a film that cut between two story lines. The film was called 'The Horse That Bolted' and where he introduced the technique known as parallel editing. Those story lines were: the horse and the delivery man. Both of the story lines are showed in the video below:
D.W Griffith
Griffith is the director of one of the most controversial movies made in history. That being 'The Birth of A Nation' in 1915. He was a US film directors and one of the early supporters of the powers of editing who used cross-cutting to show parallel action from different locations. Griffith was one of the first of the early directors to use editing techniques in the production of "feature" length films.
On my page, you can expect to see things that interest me, that spark my passion and my hobbies.
Usually, in my spare time i either read, watch movies or interact using social media. I also keep up-to-date with music and celebrity lives.
I've recently just finished 'Knifes Edge' and 'Noughts and Crosses' By Malorie Blackman
- Amazing book's, yet to read the third and fourth volumes: I've finished 4 series, them being: Orange Is The New black, Vampire Diaries, Gossip Girl and Prison break. I am Currently watching Empire and Orphan Black and my favourites are: Prison break, Empire and Gossip girl.
Like I said I also spend my time on social networking sites. I find it is a great way to interact with not only your friends and family but other people all around the world! Although sometimes I think that social media gets in the way of life itself, it is a great way to pass the time. I use the following; Snapchat, Instagram and Twitter. I don't have a favourite when it comes to these because they all offer different services. Twitter is for tweeting your thoughts on a subject or feelings at that moment. A place where you can share pictures and laugh at memes. Instagram is similar however you only share pictures and videos, there isn't a place where you can just post a quote etc. and Snapchat is a temporarily thing where you can take pictures and videos and post them in the moment.
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