a couple examples that manipulate time and space would be 'The Time Machine' and 'Harry Potter'
both of these examples show the directors manipulating time and space into one scene which makes the characters look as if they are travelling in time.
These pictures show how i used premiere pro to manipulate the clips and change audio, import the files and cut and stick the clips to my desire. There are also transitions that have been made to the video clip:
This is a video where 1 boy has a flash forward fantasy with the boy that he fancies. First they are asked to hand out the books when two of their hands touch and he instantly starts to imagine the possibilities. In this clip i have used a black and white setting to show that the flash forward has taken place. Also, i used a fade to white transition because white implies purity and innocence and that is how Bradley feels towards Tom. The transition also shows the contrast between the real world and the fantasy world when joint with the black and white scene. We used following the action when we followed Bradley and Tom walking down the hallway together and we used straight cuts and fading into the fantasy world. i believe we did a good job however it could be improved by adding more effects and transitions to the sequence.
There are a various transitions and effects that are used to manipulate the diegetic time and space in a film. A transition is the movement from one shot to another.
Transitions
Straight Cut - The most common out of all the transitions. It is often referred to as the 'invisible' transition. The straight cut is when one shot moves to the next shot without attracting any attention to the actual transition. It helps obtain reality.
Dissolve - A dissolve fades off one image while another one fades off, this often indicates that someone is thinking about something. In other words, the two shots are connected in some way; whether the two shots are characters, places or objects.
Fade - Similar to dissolving however, instead of fading into a different image; it fades out until the screen becomes black or white, whether thats darkening or lightening. It often indicates the start or end of a section of time with the narrative.
Wipe - This transition is when one image gets pushed off the screen by another. It's rare to find in movies, however it is used in 'Star Wars' a lot. The image can get pushed off to any direction but it is more common for the image to be push to the left hand side. The transition signals to the audience that you are being shown two images that are happening within the same time. A visual of 'meanwhile...'
Graphic Match
Graphic match isn't like the other transitions because the other transitions are what you put between two shots whereas if editors use the graphic match its the decision about how two shots are put together. It's created when two shots that look similar are placed next to each other and it fades into the next scene. It tells the audience that there's a distinctive link between the two shots.
Following The Action
Following the action isn't a transition meaning between two shots, it's more of the shots of an action scene and the quick back and fourth action. It captures everything that the character goes through and this happens by simply following the character on their chase.
Multiple Points Of View
Multiple points of view is when there are numerous characters and the shot changes from one characters point of view to another and so on showing us what each individual can see.
Shot Variation
Shot variation is the technique used in filming to create a sequence of images using movement. It focuses on all angles of the shot rather than just one and it doesn't switch from different cameras it goes around the entire shot 360 degrees.
Manipulation of Diegetic Time and Space
These pictures show how i used premiere pro to manipulate the clips and change audio, import the files and cut and stick the clips to my desire. There are also transitions that have been made to the video clip:
This is a video where 1 boy has a flash forward fantasy with the boy that he fancies. First they are asked to hand out the books when two of their hands touch and he instantly starts to imagine the possibilities. In this clip i have used a black and white setting to show that the flash forward has taken place. Also, i used a fade to white transition because white implies purity and innocence and that is how Bradley feels towards Tom. The transition also shows the contrast between the real world and the fantasy world when joint with the black and white scene. We used following the action when we followed Bradley and Tom walking down the hallway together and we used straight cuts and fading into the fantasy world. i believe we did a good job however it could be improved by adding more effects and transitions to the sequence.
in our group we made a bomb sequence in favour of creating pace. our storyboard was that there was a Russian student in school that noticed a bomb in the classroom who then rushed to deactivate the bomb. He failed which resulted in an explosion. In terms of creating pace i believe we chose a good scenario and we filmed it well because by using a fast pace and fast editing we showed that the situation was an emergency. The Russian student was in such a rush because there were children around and he was anxious to save the school. The tension was created by the sound we used because you could hear the bomb ticking and the sound of the ticking bomb getting faster with every second, that also creates pace. The student was also rushing and repeating 'no no no' because he was aware that the bomb was about to blow so he was doing all he could. The audience would be getting adrenalin at this point because they're wondering if he will end up saving the day or not which unfortunately, isn't true.
Speed of Editing Usually, a scene lasts a matter of seconds or it could continue for a few minutes but the length of each sequence reveals the pace of the film moving the action along. The speed of editing allows you to determine the mood of the scene that is taking place on screen. If the audience was the feel a sense of anxiety and suspense the editing between scenes will be quick and the shots will change frequently. For example in 'The Bourne Ultimatum'
If a relaxed mood is desired, like in a romantic comedy, the scenes will last longer and change less frequently. This is showed in 'The Notebook'
'Russian Ark' was one of the first films to have no editing in it whatsoever. It was filmed in one take using a steadicam and a digital camera. This required split-second timing and organisation.
In relation to trailers, they need to be packed with detail therefore the editing will be very fast. As shown in the trailer for 'Creed'
Cross Cutting To cross-cut is to edit together in a way that the audience would understand that both shots are connected in some way. For example, two things happening at the same time but at different locations or a character reminiscing. This is shown in the movie 'Inception'
Development of Drama
Cross cutting is usually used to develop drama. This is a very effective technique a shown in the movie 'Scream' when the death of a character is made more dramatic due to the cross cutting used to show her parents almost making it home in time to save her life.
Engaging The Viewer - Cutaways - Creating Pace
These three connect with each other. Cutaways allows the audience to focus on one individual character. Here is an example of one from the movie '300'
This engages the viewer because it is as if we as the audience are in the personal space of a character which makes us feel like we have a part of the film ourselves.
Creating pace in a scene engages the viewer because of the speed that the shots are moving you have to focus in order to keep up with everything that is going on. This occurs in any fast scene. It's an example of following the action. Creating pace can be an instant or a gradual technique. In some movies, they are spontaneous with the way they change speeds; one scene will be relaxed and then the next will be fast and snappy. An example of a gradually fast scene would be 'Fast and Furious' -
Non-Continuity editing was a style that was made popular during the 1950's and 60's. Directors may choose to use non-continuity editing just to be out of the ordinary and unique compared to sticking to the traditional techniques. They may also want to have a different effect on their audience.
A Bout de Souffle - Jean-Luc Godard - Jump cut
Godard invented a new style of of editing techniques and called it the 'French New Wave'. This technique used a carefree editing style which didn't conform to the traditional editing of Hollywood films; it had it's own ora. The French New Wave editing drew attention to itself because of its lack of continuity and its self-reflexive nature. In order to keep the audience surprised and intrigued they used material not related to any narrative. The gap in action is emphasised by the use of a jump cut. Jump cuts are used to startle the viewer and draw attention to a certain subject.
The Shining - Stanley Kubrick - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule
Kubrick ignored the 180 degree rule in this scene, as do a lot of modern film makers because they want to create a startling effect. Breaking the 180 degree rule consists of switching camera angles which would show the characters to switch position. I.E one character may be on the left hand side then after the angle switch they appear to be on the right.
The Hunger Games - Gary Ross - Breaking the 180 Degree Rule
In this movie Ross deliberately broke the 180 degree rule to show different perspectives of the entire set/room. However, in this case because it was deliberate it's not a fault in the directors actions. This allowed the audience to have a full perspective of the set. It also looks extremely real because audiences are used to there being half a set and in this scene they have acquired a 360 degree set.
This short video is based on a detention with an impatient teacher and disrespectful students who then get into a fight. We then embedded the continuity rule into our storyboard.
This sequences includes the following:
Match On Action
This is shown when the teacher walks out of the door to get the head teacher to discipline the students properly. We carried this out well as a group and also in the way i edited it to look as if the action was continued rather than it being two shots.
Eye-line Match
This technique is shown when the teacher asks the students why they were so late for their detention. One shot is just the teacher by herself and the other shot is of the students. This is an eye-line match because it shows both the teachers perspective and the students. We carried this out very well.
Shot, Reverse Shot
This technique was demonstrated when the two students were arguing. We, as a group decided to do the over shoulder shot reverse shot because we believed it would be more effective; we were right. We went from one students shoulder to show his perspective and then to the other student to show his perspective and although they were in different shots, it looked as though it was happening instantly which is what the aim was.
180 Degree Rule
We showed this technique when the two students were fighting and we had both students in the shot at once and they both stayed on either the left or the right they never switched sides. This was a good example of the 180 degree rule and i believe we carried out it well.
Point Of View
This technique was demonstrated when the student that got the paper thrown at him brought his head up from the table and looked at the piece of paper. This was our best attempt out of all of the continuity rules that we came across.
Continuity editing is where you film a shot that helps maintain a sense of realistic chronology and creates a feeling that time is moving forward. You would expect to see this type of editing in movies; mainly action, however it is spread across all genres of movies, TV programmes, possibly adverts. Although continuity editing is seen as time moving forward that doesn't mean to say that you can't include flash backs or flash forward, as long as the scene will retain the realistic element.
Continuity editing techniques
Match on Action - the match on action technique links two shots together. i.e we would see a character start in one shot and then in another shot within a different angle we would see the character finishing the same action they started in the first one. Film makers would use them because it ensures that the action portrays a natural movement although it had been performed twice. If the film maker didn't use them the action won't look realistic and would lack continuity. This is shown in the images below. You would see this technique in almost any movie/television show. If you we're focusing strictly on the UK, you can see it in soap operas like Eastenders a lot. Directors use it because they save money on the facilities because they all have ready-made sets for the actors so the match on action makes it look as if the characters are actually going in and out of the real world when in reality they're moving from one set to a different set.
Eye-line Match - this technique links two shots together which allows the audience to experience an event in the characters perspective, i.e we see a character looking at something/someone off screen and then we get a shot of what they would be looking at. A film maker may use them to give the audience the realist perspective of the film, the make the audience feel as if they are a part of the characters life. If a film maker failed to use this technique this would lead to the movie lacking continuity and it wouldn't give the audience the most natural experience that they could have. You will see this technique mostly in movies, any genre but the editors use it to concentrate on both the object that the character is looking at and the expression on the characters face.
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Shot, Reverse Shot - this technique, much like the 2 prior also links two shots together. The first shot would reveal one of the characters and then in the second shot reveals the second character which allows the audience to use their own initiative to acknowledge that both characters are interacting with one another. Film makers use this technique to help maintain a sense of realism because in real life situations, when you are having a conversation with someone it does switch from one person to the other one and if the film maker failed to use this technique it would also lack continuity. This technique is featured in any conversation on TV, let that be in a soap opera, an advert, a movie. Anything with two characters, using paralinguistic or not. Editors use it because they like to concentrate on both characters facial expressions while they're communicating to then interpret the other characters reaction.
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The 180 Degree Rule - this technique is more of a guideline rather than a technique, it states that two characters or other elements within the same shot should maintain the same left/right relationship to each other and if the camera passes the 180 degree line the two subjects will cross the line and switch positions. A film maker would this technique to prevent confusion from the audience, because if one character moved position in one shot the audience may think that the film maker wasn't aware of what he was doing, thus leading to possible negative reviews due to non-professionalism. That would also be what would go wrong if the film maker did not use this guideline. The 180 degree rule is usually found in movies because so the character don't seem as if they're on opposite sides, otherwise it can confuse the audience. Live TV show's are also an example for instance, 'i'm a celebrity..' Ant is always on the left and Dec is always on the right; also not to confuse the audience.
